The present invention discloses a rapid preparation method of an inorganic compound coated aqueous phase II-VI group quantum dot composite material. The rapid preparation method comprises: adopting cadmium chloride or zinc chloride as a cation source, adopting sulfur powder, tellurium powder or selenium powder as an anion source, adopting sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, adopting mercaptopropionic acid, thioglycolic acid or glutathione and other mercapto compounds as ligands, heating to a temperature of 90-100 DEG C, and refluxing for different times to obtain quantum dots with different emission wavelengths; and adding a sodium salt or potassium salt to the quantum dot solution, carrying out stirring dissolving, adding excessive methanol, ethanol, propanol or acetone and other polar organic solvents, precipitating, filtering, drying, and grinding to obtain the corresponding quantum dot/inorganic compound complex powder with characteristics of strong fluorescence emission and high stability, wherein the powder can be used in the field of solid luminescent materials. The method of the present invention has characteristics of simple operation, rapidness, high efficiency, and green environmental protection, and is suitable for mass production.