The invention discloses a method for separating inorganic/organic components from sludge. The method comprises the following three steps of: sludge conditioning, acid liquor extraction and neutralization treatment. Firstly, through sludge conditioning and sterilization treatment, extracellular polymeric substances are destroyed, cell wall breaking is performed, sludge desanding and sludge dewatering properties are improved, and sufficient extraction of inorganic salt from acid liquor is also facilitated; then, through acid liquor extraction, precipitates, namely soluble calcium salt, iron salt, aluminum salt, heavy metal, phosphate and the like, generated by chemical agents adhered to the sludge are dissolved out and separated, and the sludge is further conditioned. Therefore, the separation of organic matters and inorganic minerals in the sludge is greatly improved, and mechanical separation is easy to achieve through adoption of a physical method by utilizing specific gravity difference. Separated organic components can be used for fuel, sewage plant carbon source reuse and the like, and inorganic minerals can be used for soil remediation materials, building materials and the like. The method can be used for sludge treatment of a sewage treatment plant, sludge treatment for cleaning bottom mud in water environment treatment and ditch cleaning in a pipe network and the like.