The invention relates to pultrusion resin for a high temperature-resistant carbon fiber-reinforced cable core and a preparation method of the pultrusion resin. The resin comprises hydroxyl-containing and carboxyl-containing active polyimide resin (HCPI), polyfunctional epoxy resin, SR22000 organic silicon resin, thermoplastic bisphenol A phenolic resin, maleic anhydride, an active diluent, a curing agent and an accelerator. The preparation method comprises the following steps: putting polyfunctional epoxy resin, hydroxyl-containing and carboxyl-containing active polyimide resin, SR22000 organic silicon resin, thermoplastic bisphenol A phenolic resin and maleic anhydride into a reaction kettle, performing stirring reaction, adding the active diluent, performing the stirring reaction, then adding the curing agent and the accelerator, and uniformly stirring. The pultrusion resin provided by the invention has the advantages of convenient raw material sources, no solvent, environment friendliness, simple operation process and excellent comprehensive performance, is very suitable for a pultrusion process, is very suitable for manufacturing a high temperature-resistant carbon fiber-reinforced cable core composite material with excellent comprehensive performance by pultrusion, and has broad application prospects.