The invention discloses a high-concentration colored sewage treatment system and method. The system comprises a hydrolytic acidification device, an anaerobic reactor, a sludge treatment device, an activated sludge reactor, a biological aerated filter and a photocatalytic oxidation reactor; a second overflowing weir is communicated with a hydrolytic acidification pool through a reflux pipe, and a water inlet pipe is provided with a jet hole and an adjusting valve. The treatment method comprises the step that hydrolytic acidification, anaerobic fermentation, sludge treatment, aeration treatment and photocatalytic oxidation treatment are sequentially conducted on sewage. According to the high-concentration colored sewage treatment system and method, by arranging the jet hole on the sludge treatment device to adjust the dissolved oxygen content of the reaction liquid level, it is guaranteed that nitrite is generated through reacting, generated nitrite flows back into the hydrolytic acidification pool, and therefore the phenomenon that the acidity of the acidized sewage is overhigh is avoided; in addition, the reacted sludge is treated through the activated sludge reactor, the reacted sludge and sewage are treated through the activated sludge reactor, the biological aerated filter and the photocatalytic oxidation reactor separately, and therefore the sewage treatment efficiency and degradation efficiency are improved.