36 results about "Germanium dioxide" patented technology

The subject of the present disclosure provides the production of N-type or P-type or semi-insulating rutile germanium dioxide templates and thin films in order to obtain sun-blind photo detectors from optical systems in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength, or to obtain UV light emitting diodes, or to produce semiconductor materials required for UV laser diode production, especially for use in the field of power electronics in the defence industry and / or in missile and aircraft tracking systems. The disclosure describes a system and a method for growing r-GeO2 (rutile germanium dioxide) template and thin films using the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.

The invention discloses tetragonal system germanium dioxide and a hydrothermal synthesis method thereof. According to the method, hexagonal crystal system germanium dioxide is taken as a raw material, a hydrothermal reaction is carried out in an acidic aqueous solution, and efficient conversion from a hexagonal crystal system to a tetragonal crystal system is realized by controlling the reaction temperature to be 120-240 DEG C, the reaction time to be 24-48 hours and the pH value to be 1-3. According to the preferable scheme, the raw materials are subjected to calcination pretreatment at the temperature of 500-600 DEG C, the yield of the tetragonal crystal phase can be remarkably increased, and the synthesis temperature can be reduced to 120 DEG C. According to the invention, stable synthesis of tetragonal system germanium dioxide is realized for the first time under the mild condition of 240 DEG C and below, and the technical problem that high-temperature transformation at 1000 DEG C or above is needed in the traditional method is solved. The tetragonal crystal system germanium dioxide prepared by the method is of a regular polyhedral structure, has the particle size of 400-500nm, and can be used as a high-efficiency catalyst for polyester synthesis. The process is energy-saving and environment-friendly, the total utilization rate of the raw materials is increased by recycling the waste liquid, and the process has remarkable industrial application value.

This utility model discloses a germanium dioxide drying device, including a housing. An electric heater penetrates the bottom surface of the housing. A material box is installed inside the housing, and a metal handle is installed on one end of the material box. An installation box is installed on the rear end of the housing. A breathable mesh is fixedly inserted through the upper part of the housing. A door is installed on the end face of the housing via hinges, and a heat exchange box is fixedly inserted through the end face of the door. A control panel is installed on one side of the housing. Two sets of installation covers are fixedly inserted through the end face of the installation box. A bidirectional lead screw is installed inside the installation box via bearings, and two sets of lead screw sleeves are fitted onto the side walls of the bidirectional lead screw. Each set of lead screw sleeves has a connecting plate fixedly fitted onto its side wall. Beneficial effects: This utility model uses an installation box, which facilitates the installation of the drying structure, bringing convenience to the installation of the germanium dioxide drying device.

This invention belongs to the technical field of lithium-ion battery anode materials, specifically a method for preparing germanium-carbon nanocomposite materials for lithium-ion batteries using a hydrothermal method. The preparation method includes: adding germanium dioxide to a sodium hydroxide solution and stirring vigorously with a magnetic stirrer until the germanium dioxide is completely dissolved to obtain a clear sodium germanate solution; adding concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise to the sodium germanate solution to form a white suspension, and then adding carbon nanotubes; placing the mixed solution in a hydrothermal reactor for hydrothermal reaction; repeatedly filtering and washing the material with anhydrous ethanol and ultrapure water; and finally vacuum drying to obtain the germanium-carbon nanocomposite material. This invention uses germanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes as raw materials to generate a nanostructured germanium-carbon composite material through a hydrothermal reaction. It does not use any binders or catalysts, has a simple and low-cost preparation process, and produces a material with stable performance, high energy density, and suitable for long-term storage, thus supporting the commercial application of germanium-based anode materials.

This invention discloses a process for recovering germanium from germanium-silicon alloy waste, belonging to the field of germanium recovery technology. The process includes the following steps: S1. Oxidizing and roasting the germanium-silicon alloy waste to obtain roasted clinker; S2. Sulfidating and fixing the roasted clinker and pyrite to obtain activated clinker; S3. Leaching the activated clinker with sulfuric acid, followed by solid-liquid separation, and collecting the germanium-containing leachate; S4. Performing multi-stage countercurrent extraction on the germanium-containing leachate using an amine extractant to obtain a loaded organic phase; then back-extracting the loaded organic phase with an alkaline back-extraction solution to obtain a germanate solution; S5. Hydrolyzing and precipitating the germanate solution to obtain pure germanium dioxide. The roasting process of this invention fixes impurities and activates elemental germanium into soluble germanium dioxide. The purification stage efficiently separates germanium from other impurity ions, and the final hydrolysis precipitation controls product consistency. This invention's recovery process has high recovery efficiency and purity, is more environmentally friendly, and is expected to achieve large-scale production.

The invention discloses an efficient sedimentation and recycling process based on germanium dioxide in hydrogen peroxide tail gas absorption liquid and application, and belongs to the technical field of industrial waste gas treatment and scattered metal recycling in the special gas industry. The process comprises the following steps: carrying out standing separation on hydrogen peroxide tail gas absorption liquid, and carrying out synergistic regulation on a sedimentation layer through pH and a composite flocculant to realize efficient sedimentation of germanium dioxide; dehydrating the germanium dioxide concentrated phase to form a filter cake, and carrying out three-stage countercurrent washing and staged heating drying to obtain a crude germanium dioxide solid product; the filtrate and the settled supernate are subjected to primary pH regulation, secondary membrane separation and adsorption and three-stage closed-loop hydrogen peroxide replenishing three-stage purification systems, so that efficient cyclic utilization of hydrogen peroxide is realized; the germanium dioxide recovery rate reaches 99% or above, the hydrogen peroxide recovery rate reaches 95%, the process cost is reduced by 40% or above, and the method has the advantages of being simple in process, high in resource recovery rate and low in operation cost and is suitable for treatment and resource utilization of germanium-containing tail gas in production of semiconductors, photovoltaic materials and special gases.

To provide a method for industrially advantageously producing a crystal excellent in crystallinity and useful for a semiconductor device, etc.SOLUTION: A method for producing a germanium dioxide crystal by crystal growth using a germanium-containing source material, wherein the source material contains antimony and the antimony content is 0.1 mol% or more and 10 mol% or less based on the source material, and the crystal is produced by heating the source material.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention relates to an improved synthesis process of a cesium germanium bromide halogen perovskite material. The improved synthesis process comprises the following reaction steps: (1) constructing a condensation reflux device and a nitrogen pipeline; (2) weighing germanium dioxide, hydrobromic acid, concentrated hypophosphorous acid and absolute ethyl alcohol; (3) putting the three-neck flask into an oil bath pan, and connecting a condensation reflux device and a nitrogen gas path; (4) after germanium dioxide is completely dissolved, the solution in the flask is clarified; (5) injecting the cesium bromide solution into the three-neck flask in a nitrogen environment, heating, and reacting for a period of time; (6) cooling the solution to room temperature in a nitrogen environment, and collecting a yellow cesium germanium bromide crude product; and (8) refining the crude cesium germanium bromide to obtain refined cesium germanium bromide, wherein the impurity content is lower than 0.5%. According to the method, the cesium-germanium bromide solution and methylbenzene are used, so that the problem that divalent germanium ions and cesium bromide are not completely reacted is solved, and a good solution is provided for synthesizing a high-purity cesium-germanium bromide material.

The utility model relates to the technical field of waste gas recovery, and discloses a waste gas recovery system of a germanium dioxide reduction furnace, which comprises a waste gas treatment mechanism and a separation recovery mechanism, and the waste gas treatment mechanism comprises a first container tank and a second container tank. The waste gas treatment mechanism is composed of a first container tank and a second container tank, waste gas can sequentially pass through the two container tanks to be treated, targeted reactions can be conducted according to different components in the waste gas in the stage treatment mode, and the waste gas treatment effect is effectively improved. Sealing rings are arranged at the top and the bottom of the polymeric membrane, and slots matched with the sealing rings are formed in the upper mounting plate and the lower mounting plate, so that the polymeric membrane is stably mounted, meanwhile, the sealing rings can effectively prevent waste gas from leaking from mounting gaps, and an operator can conveniently and quickly open or close the fastening cover through the rotating plate; and parts in the tank can be conveniently mounted, maintained and replaced.

The energy-saving germanium dioxide preparation rectification device comprises a rectification tower, a raw material storage tank, a tower top condenser, a plate heat exchanger, a reboiler, a tubular heat exchanger and a man-machine interaction control cabinet, the top of the rectification tower is communicated with an upper guide pipe, and one end of the upper guide pipe is connected with the tower top condenser. The device has the beneficial effects that condensed heat released by the tower top condenser is conducted to the raw material storage tank through the plate heat exchanger, the germanium dioxide crude liquid to be rectified is preheated from normal temperature to 60-70 DEG C, the heating energy consumption of the germanium dioxide crude liquid entering the rectifying tower is reduced, the residual heat of the tower kettle reboiler is used for heating the rectified reflux liquid, the reflux liquid is heated to be close to the boiling point before entering the tower body, and the rectification efficiency is improved. Different from a'heating-condensation 'energy one-way loss mode of an existing device, a closed-loop heat exchange network of raw material preheating-rectification heating-condensation waste heat is designed, gradient utilization of condensation heat, raw material preheating and reflux heating is achieved, the heat recovery efficiency is improved by 40% or above, and therefore rectification energy consumption is remarkably reduced.

This invention belongs to the field of germane preparation technology, and provides a method and system for continuous production of germane. The invention involves mixing an alkali metal hydroxide, germanium dioxide, sodium borohydride, and water to form an alkaline feed solution. This alkaline feed solution is then added to a sulfuric acid solution, and the reaction is carried out under a protective atmosphere to obtain germane. The addition rate of the alkaline feed solution is 0.8~3.5 kg / h. This invention precisely controls the feed rate of the alkaline feed solution at 0.8~3.5 kg / h, thereby accurately controlling the reaction process, effectively removing the heat of reaction, successfully suppressing the rapid increase in temperature and pressure within the reaction system, and significantly reducing the occurrence of competing side reactions such as sodium borohydride hydrolysis. This improves the yield of germane synthesis while ensuring a smooth, efficient, and stable production process. This invention is a continuous process; for example, one batch can be produced in 12 hours, and two batches in 16 hours, greatly improving the synthesis efficiency of germane and making it suitable for industrial continuous production.

The application discloses energy-saving germanium dioxide preparation rectification device, including rectification tower, raw material storage tank, overhead condenser, plate heat exchanger, reboiler, tubular heat exchanger and man-machine interaction control cabinet, the top of rectification tower is connected with upper guide pipe, and the one end of upper guide pipe is connected with overhead condenser. Advantage: the application conducts the condensation heat released by overhead condenser to raw material storage tank through plate heat exchanger, preheats germanium dioxide crude liquid to be rectified from normal temperature to 60-70 DEG C, reduces the heating energy consumption of entering rectification tower, heats rectification reflux liquid by using the waste heat of tower kettle reboiler, makes the reflux liquid temperature rise to the vicinity of boiling point before entering tower body, reduces the heating load in tower, is different from the one-way energy loss mode of "heating-condensation" of prior art device, designs the closed loop heat exchange network of raw material preheating-rectification heating-condensation waste heat, realizes the cascade utilization of condensation heat and raw material preheating, reflux liquid heating, and the heat recovery efficiency is improved by more than 40%, so that the rectification energy consumption is significantly reduced.

The invention belongs to the field of quantum calculation research, relates to a germane-73 ingot preparation technology, and provides a method for preparing a high-purity germane-73 isotope by using amorphous germanium dioxide 73, and the method comprises the following steps: calcining germanium dioxide 73 at 450-600 DEG C to obtain amorphous germanium dioxide 73; according to the method, amorphous germanium dioxide 73 is reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere by adopting a multi-section heating and dynamic hydrogen flow adjusting strategy to obtain a germane-73 isotope crude product, and the germane-73 isotope crude product is subjected to zone melting to obtain the high-purity germane-73 isotope. According to the method, the reduction yield can be effectively improved by designing the calcining temperature, the multi-section heating and the dynamic hydrogen flow adjusting strategy, the product can be subjected to zone melting to obtain the germane-73 with the purity larger than or equal to 99.99995%, and the use requirement of a chip base material coating can be met.

The invention discloses a low-dielectric-loss chip packaging glass substrate and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing. The chip packaging glass substrate is prepared from the following raw materials: silicon dioxide, boric oxide, zirconium dioxide, germanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, gadolinium oxide, a composite fluxing component and a low-loss dielectric functional component, the composite fluxing component is prepared from the following raw materials: magnesium fluoride, lithium metaborate and strontium fluoride; the low-loss dielectric functional component is prepared from the following raw materials: silicon nitride, boron nitride micro powder and a coupling agent solution. The preparation method of the chip packaging glass substrate comprises the following steps: preparing the composite fluxing component, preparing the low-loss dielectric functional component, forming the glass substrate, and preparing the chip packaging glass substrate. The prepared chip packaging glass substrate is low in dielectric loss and excellent in mechanical property.

This invention discloses a lightweight clothing fabric based on nano-thermal radiation and its production method. The steps include: preparing thermal radiation particles with a germanium shell fully coated with tourmaline structure using germanium dioxide powder and tourmaline powder as raw materials; then removing part of the germanium shell from the particle surface using dry etching to obtain thermal radiation particles with a germanium shell partially coated with tourmaline structure; placing the thermal radiation particles in an organic solvent and stirring to disperse them into a slurry; mixing the slurry with polyamide chips, drying, and then melting and granulating; taking the masterbatch and performing melt extrusion, spinning, hot stretching, and relaxation heat setting to obtain thermal radiation fibers; and interlacing the thermal radiation fibers as warp and polypropylene fibers as weft. This invention uses a germanium shell partially coated with tourmaline structure as nano-thermal radiation particles, which allows the far-infrared properties of germanium and tourmaline to be superimposed and complementary. It also improves the dispersion effect of particles within the fiber, avoiding particle stratification or agglomeration, ultimately resulting in a fabric with high overall far-infrared emissivity and good heating effect.

The invention relates to the technical field of photon integration, and discloses an optical waveguide chip and a preparation method thereof. The three-layer film substrate sequentially comprises a first layer formed by germanium-doped silicon dioxide, a second layer formed by non-doped silicon dioxide and a substrate layer formed by silicon, silicon dioxide or glass from top to bottom; manufacturing a mask layer and a photoresist film on the surface of the first layer; the asymmetric MZI optical waveguide structure pattern on the mask plate is transferred to the mask layer through photoetching, developing and etching, and a waveguide mask pattern is formed on the surface of the first layer; the first layer is etched, and an asymmetric MZI optical waveguide structure formed by germanium-doped silicon dioxide is etched; and spin-coating a first polymer on the optical waveguide structure, and curing the first polymer to form a polymer upper cladding. According to the method, an optical waveguide temperature sensor with high sensitivity and high response speed or an optical pulse generator capable of being triggered by a specific temperature can be manufactured with relatively low cost.

The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing materials, in particular to a temperature-resistant 3D printing PETG polyester material and a preparation method thereof.The temperature-resistant 3D printing PETG polyester material is prepared from, by mass, 10-100 parts of polybasic acid, 20-180 parts of polyhydric alcohol, 10-50 parts of functional monomer, 1-20 parts of antioxidant, 2-20 parts of dispersing agent, 0.1-1.5 parts of protective agent and 0.03-0.3 part of germanium dioxide. The PETG polyester material disclosed by the invention is applicable to the 3D printing material, has relatively good temperature resistance and toughness, and can prevent brittle rupture of the 3D printing material in a use process from influencing use.

This invention discloses a method for preparing dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), comprising: crushing, washing, and drying waste PET to obtain PET particles; depolymerizing the obtained PET particles in the presence of ethylene glycol and a composite depolymerization catalyst to obtain a depolymerization product; adding the obtained depolymerization product to octanol and a transesterification catalyst for transesterification reaction; after the reaction is completed, post-treatment yields dioctyl terephthalate; wherein the composite depolymerization catalyst is a mixture of zinc oxide and germanium dioxide; and the transesterification catalyst is a supported solid acid catalyst. This invention features high raw material utilization and good environmental performance, using waste PET as raw material to prepare DOTP via transesterification reaction, thus solving the pollution problem of waste PET; simultaneously, ethylene glycol, octanol, and the catalyst can be recycled during the reaction, reducing raw material consumption and wastewater.

This invention discloses a high-efficiency sedimentation and recycling process and application of germanium dioxide in hydrogen peroxide tail gas absorbent, belonging to the field of industrial waste gas treatment and rare dispersed metal recovery technology in the specialty gas industry. The process includes: static separation of the hydrogen peroxide tail gas absorbent; efficient sedimentation of germanium dioxide by synergistic adjustment of pH and composite flocculant in the sedimentation layer; dehydration of the concentrated germanium dioxide phase to form a filter cake, followed by three-stage countercurrent washing and staged heating drying to obtain crude germanium dioxide solid; and a three-stage purification system for the filtrate and supernatant after sedimentation, consisting of primary pH adjustment, secondary membrane separation adsorption, and tertiary closed-loop hydrogen peroxide replenishment, to achieve efficient recycling of hydrogen peroxide. This results in a germanium dioxide recovery rate of over 99%, a hydrogen peroxide recovery rate of over 95%, and a reduction in process cost of over 40%. The process is simple, has high resource recovery rate, and low operating cost, and is suitable for the treatment and resource utilization of germanium-containing tail gas in semiconductor, photovoltaic material, and specialty gas production.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery positive electrode materials, and provides a preparation method of a lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material, which comprises the following steps: mixing iron phosphate, lithium carbonate, germanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, lithium fluoride and water, adding a dispersing agent and a carbon source to obtain slurry, and carrying out ball milling, drying, compression molding, roasting and grinding to obtain the lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material. According to the technical scheme, the problems of low specific capacity and poor cycle performance of the lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material in the prior art are solved.

The present invention provides an optical fiber with improved optical properties such as zero dispersion wavelength by suppressing the volatilization of dopant materials such as germanium dioxide and optimizing the refractive index distribution by adjusting the setting position of the core portion burner for deposition in a larger optical fiber preform. An optical fiber preform includes a core portion with a relatively high refractive index and a clad portion with a relatively low refractive index, wherein a position having a value of 45% of a refractive index difference between a center of the core portion and the clad portion is a boundary rcore (mm) between the core portion and the clad portion; and when a radius position r at which a refractive index difference with the clad portion being a maximum value is rside (mm), rside / rcore is 0.745 to 1.

This invention provides a high-temperature resistant, uncoated pure silica optical fiber and its preparation method. The high-temperature resistant, uncoated pure silica optical fiber comprises a cylindrical light-guiding waveguide structure consisting of a high-refractive-index core and a low-refractive-index cladding, arranged sequentially from the inside out. The high-refractive-index core is made of germanium-doped silica, and the low-refractive-index cladding is made of pure silica. The refractive index of the core is higher than that of the cladding. The germanium-doped silica contains germanium dioxide at a molar percentage ranging from 10% to 12%, and silicon dioxide at a molar percentage ranging from 87.999% to 89.999%. The cladding is composed solely of high-purity silicon dioxide. This invention eliminates the step of coating an organic protective layer during fiber drawing, significantly improving the high-temperature resistance of the optical fiber. By increasing the germanium doping content in the core, the optical fiber's light-binding ability is enhanced, ensuring that the uncoated optical fiber can operate stably for a long time in extreme high-temperature environments. This effectively solves the problem of high manufacturing costs and difficulty in commercializing high-temperature sensing optical fibers.

The invention relates to the field of research of germanium element in coal ash, in particular to a five-step selective leaching method for determining the form of germanium in coal ash, and provides a five-step selective leaching method for determining the form of germanium in coal ash by adopting various specific extraction reagents under specific operation conditions and processes according to the principle that the extraction reactivity of main germanium occurrence compounds in coal ash and different specific reagents is from weak to strong. Chemical forms mainly containing germanium elements, such as hexagonal germanium dioxide / exchange state, soluble germanate state, germanium sulfide / germanium-organic binding state, germanium-silicon binding state, tetragonal germanium dioxide / residual germanium, in the coal ash are sequentially and selectively leached. The extraction rate of the same extracting agent for the target germanium form reaches 100%, the extraction rate for germanium in other forms is lower than 10%, and the selectivity is excellent. And for various actual fly ash samples, the germanium recovery rate is stabilized between 90.8% and 100.1%. The developed step-by-step chemical extraction method special for the germanium form has the advantages that the operation steps are simple and convenient, the occurrence form of the main germanium in the coal ash can be rapidly and accurately determined at a low cost, and an important basis and a method reference can be provided for efficient extraction of the germanium in the coal.

[Problem] To provide a single-crystal film having outstanding crystalline properties useful in semiconductor devices and the like. [Solution] This single-crystal film has a surface area of 50 mm2 or greater and a film thickness of 30 μm or less, and serves as a semiconductor film containing, as the principal component, germanium dioxide or a mixed crystal thereof. The dislocation density is 1.0×1010 / cm2 or less. The semiconductor film has a rutile crystalline structure. The film thickness of the semiconductor film is 1 μm or greater. The surface area of the semiconductor film is 100 mm2 or greater. This single-crystal film is utilized by being applied to, for example, a semiconductor device or the like.

The invention discloses a preparation method of polyester based on a tetragonal system germanium dioxide catalyst. The preparation method comprises the following steps: binary acid and dihydric alcohol are taken as raw materials, esterification and polycondensation reaction are carried out in the presence of a catalyst, the catalyst adopted in the polycondensation reaction is tetragonal crystal system germanium dioxide, and the tetragonal crystal system germanium dioxide is synthesized by a hydrothermal method, has more oxygen vacancies and higher catalytic activity than traditional hexagonal crystal system germanium dioxide. The method provided by the invention can efficiently catalyze and synthesize PET. The obtained polyester product has high intrinsic viscosity, high light transmittance, low yellowness and excellent thermal stability, and the comprehensive performance of the polyester product is obviously superior to that of a product prepared by adopting a hexagonal crystal system germanium dioxide catalyst. The method is particularly suitable for producing high-end optical-grade polyester materials.

This utility model discloses a screening and impurity removal device for processing raw materials containing germanium dioxide, including a machine body and a screening disc. This utility model employs a blocking rod, a hydraulic rod, and a screening disc. During screening and impurity removal, personnel can add the raw material into the machine body, where it falls onto the screening disc. Multiple screening discs allow for multiple screening and impurity removal operations, thereby improving the overall screening and impurity removal effect. During screening, the hydraulic rod's lifting and lowering motion causes the blocking rod to move up and down, disengaging or inserting it into the corresponding size of the screening holes. This changes the aperture of the screening holes, allowing for flexible and timely adjustment of the screening and impurity removal effect. This facilitates better use without requiring machine downtime for replacement, ensuring operational efficiency and reducing labor intensity. It offers advantages such as good screening effect, flexible adjustment of screening degree, and adjustable screening degree.

The invention relates to the technical field of solid-state batteries, and provides a phosphate solid-state electrolyte, a battery and a preparation method.The method comprises the steps that lithium salt, aluminum salt, a germanium source or a titanium source and phosphate serve as precursors, stable sol is formed through uniform solution mixing and complexation reaction, the stable sol is dried and converted into gel, staged heat treatment is conducted, presintering is conducted at the medium temperature, and sintering is conducted at the medium temperature; and calcining at high temperature to finally obtain the solid electrolyte powder with high crystal phase purity and uniform particle size distribution. According to the method, cheap and pollution-free germanium dioxide / titanium dioxide is used as a germanium / titanium source, so that the actual production cost is reduced. Meanwhile, the sintering temperature can be reduced, and the sintering time can be shortened. The method is mild in reaction condition, and the product has the advantages of uniform particle size distribution, high crystallinity, excellent ionic conductivity and the like.

The invention discloses a GeO2 self-driven ultraviolet detector electrode array structure. The GeO2 self-driven ultraviolet detector electrode array structure comprises a substrate, a germanium dioxide film layer and a metal electrode, the germanium dioxide film layer is arranged on the surface of the substrate. The metal electrodes are arranged on the surface of the germanium dioxide film layer, the metal electrodes are arranged in an array mode, the sizes of the metal electrodes in the same row are sequentially increased, and the sizes of the metal electrodes in the same column are sequentially increased. According to the electrode array structure, the self-powered function can be achieved, ultraviolet detection is achieved without an external power source, the self-powered function is achieved only through a single material, and the energy supply problem of passive equipment is solved.

To provide a rutile-type germanium dioxide free-standing substrate and a method for producing the same, a rutile-type germanium dioxide template and a method for producing the same, a rutile-type germanium dioxide device wafer and a method for producing the same, a method for producing a germanium tetrachloride gas which can grow a rutile-type germanium dioxide crystal, a method for producing a rutile-type germanium dioxide monocrystal which can grow a rutile-type germanium dioxide crystal, and a device for producing a rutile-type germanium dioxide monocrystal which can grow a rutile-type germanium dioxide crystal.SOLUTION: A rutile-type germanium dioxide free-standing substrate comprises a rutile-type germanium dioxide monocrystal. In the germanium dioxide free-standing substrate, the planar density of macro defects appearing on the surface is 5000 / cm2 or less in at least a part of the plane.SELECTED DRAWING: None

To provide a crystal and a laminated structure having excellent electric characteristics useful for a semiconductor device or the like.SOLUTION: A crystal containing germanium dioxide as a main component, having a sheet resistance of 300 Ω / square or less, having a film shape, being a single crystal, being a semiconductor, containing a dopant, and having a rutile-type crystal structure in which the dopant contains a group 15 element in the periodic table is used and applied to, for example, a semiconductor device.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1