155 results about "Enterobacterales" patented technology

The invention discloses construction and application of an escherichia coli L-tryptophan biosensor, and belongs to the technical field of bioengineering. The L-tryptophan biosensor provided by the invention comprises a mutated leader peptide fragment tnaC-tnaA, a promoter of the mutated leader peptide fragment tnaC-tnaA, a green fluorescent protein coding gene eGFP and a pTrc99a plasmid skeleton, a recombinant strain containing the L-tryptophan biosensor is cultured, the expression of green fluorescent protein in a culture solution is gradually enhanced along with the increase of the concentration of the L-tryptophan, and the fluorescence value of a unit cell shows better correlation when the concentration of the L-tryptophan is 0-1.5 g / L; therefore, when the biosensor is used for detecting the L-tryptophan in the fermentation liquor, the biosensor has the characteristics of simplicity in operation, sensitive response and high threshold value.

The invention discloses a bacillus strain H7 and an application thereof. The invention provides bacillus velezensis H7 or a progeny of the bacillus velezensis H7, and the preservation number of the bacillus velezensis H7 in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) is CCTCC NO: M 2025630. The bacillus velezensis H7 disclosed by the invention has a very good antibacterial effect on various common clinical pathogenic bacteria (including klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, candida albicans, enterobacter cloacae complex, acinetobacter baumannii and the like), and particularly shows a very high inhibition rate on some drug-resistant clinical pathogenic bacteria; therefore, the compound has important application value in development of drug and non-drug antibacterial products (such as medical antibacterial materials and the like), a new choice can be provided for drug and non-drug prevention and control of clinical pathogenic bacterium infection, and particularly, the compound has a supplementary effect in the aspects of reducing drug-resistant bacterium propagation risk and reducing drug dependence.

The invention discloses a saline-alkaline tolerant compound microbial agent and application thereof, and particularly relates to the technical field of microbial soil treatment. The microbial agent comprises Klebsiella, Enterobacter hormaechei and humic acid, the ratio of the components is as follows: Klebsiella: Enterobacter hormaechei: humic acid = 1: (0.5-2): (1-3), and both Klebsiella and Enterobacter hormaechei are obtained by fermentation culture. According to the present invention, the specific pH gradient is adopted for the Klebsiella and the Enterobacter hormaechei, and the segmented fermentation process combining the specific pH gradient with the corresponding gradually-increased sodium chloride concentration is adopted, such that the strain is effectively subjected to the directional domestication so as to maintain the activity and the function in the high-salt and high-alkali extreme environment.

The invention belongs to the technical field of antibacterial peptides, and particularly relates to an antibacterial peptide Mh-GC21 as well as a precursor and application thereof. The amino acid sequence of the antibacterial peptide Mh-GC21 provided by the invention is as shown in SEQ ID NO.1, and two cysteines are oxidized to form a pair of intermolecular disulfide bonds; the C tail end of the antibacterial peptide Mh-GC21 is subjected to amidation modification. The antibacterial peptide Mh-GC21 provided by the invention is from microhyla microcarpa, has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, has relatively good antibacterial and bactericidal effects on standard strains of acinetobacter baumannii, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus and clinically sourced drug-resistant strains, and can be used for targeted destruction of cell membranes of bacteria, removal of biological membranes and inhibition of formation of the biological membranes. Moreover, the antibacterial peptide Mh-GC21 has the advantages of good stability, no hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, and difficulty in inducing strains to generate drug resistance.

The invention belongs to the technical field of antibacterial peptides, and particularly relates to an LL-37 derived antibacterial peptide and application thereof. According to the invention, 17-29aa of the LL-37 antibacterial peptide is used as a core fragment and is connected with an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 through an amido bond, the antibacterial activity of the obtained antibacterial peptide is obviously higher than that of the LL-37 antibacterial peptide, and the antibacterial peptide shows an obvious bactericidal effect on clinical drug-resistant bacteria such as acinetobacter baumannii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae and the like; meanwhile, the cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity are weak, drug resistance is not prone to being generated, bacteria can be rapidly killed in vivo through multiple mechanisms, no obvious cytotoxicity exists, the bacterium load in tissue is remarkably reduced, and the lifetime of a bacterium-infected mouse is prolonged.

The invention discloses an application of NSC348884 in preparation of an antibacterial drug, the bacteria of the NSC348884 are gram-negative bacteria or drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, and the gram-negative bacteria are acinetobacter baumannii, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa or klebsiella pneumoniae; based on an antibacterial drug high-throughput screening technology, it is found from 1280 small molecule compounds that the benzimidazole compound NSC348884 has direct bacteriostasis and sterilization effects on gram-negative bacteria and drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, and no drug resistance is generated after the benzimidazole compound NSC348884 is continuously applied for 14 days. Further research shows that NSC348884 can interfere with lipid synthesis of gram-negative bacterium cell membranes, inhibit formation of biological membranes and induce lipid metabolism disorder, so that bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects are achieved. In addition, the NSC348884 can also enhance the sensitivity of the drug-resistant bacteria to the imipenem and the polymyxin B.

The invention provides a fluorenyl alcohol derivative which can be used as an antibiotic adjuvant with a broad-spectrum synergistic effect. According to the compound, bacteria outer membrane asymmetric protein MlaC and phospholipase A1 PldA are taken as targets, and a series of fluorenyl alcohol derivatives targeting the bacteria outer membrane asymmetric protein MlaC and phospholipase A1 PldA are obtained through screening. The preferable compound WTU-15 can improve the antibacterial activity of antibiotics such as polymyxin, cefepime, tetracycline and the like on negative bacteria such as sensitive and drug-resistant escherichia coli, salmonella, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumannii and the like, and can also improve the in-vivo treatment effect of cefepime on mice infected by the drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. And the visceral organs of the mice survived after administration have fewer bacteria, and the mice are better after being healed. Normal physiological and visceral organ functions of the mouse are not affected by single and continuous administration of the WTU-15.

The invention relates to the technical field of PA resin, and particularly discloses glass fiber modified antibacterial PA resin suitable for children products and a preparation method of the antibacterial PA resin. The invention discloses glass fiber modified antibacterial PA resin suitable for children products. The glass fiber modified antibacterial PA resin comprises PA resin, glass fibers, talcum powder, nano calcium carbonate, a composite antibacterial agent, a compatilizer, an antioxidant and calcium stearate, the composite antibacterial agent comprises chitosan, an antibacterial peptide microcapsule and a porous silver-zinc-loaded antibacterial agent; the antibacterial peptide microcapsules are sodium alginate embedded antibacterial peptides. The antibacterial PA resin obtained in the invention has the highest bacteriostasis rates of 99.97%, 99.74% and 99.95% for staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and candida albicans respectively, the antibacterial property of the PA resin is improved, the compressive strength and notch impact strength are 170.6 MPa and 17.3 kJ / m < 2 > respectively, and high mechanical strength is maintained on the basis of high antibacterial property.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganisms, and particularly discloses lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 capable of producing gamma-aminobutyric acid and improving sleep and application of the lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2. The preservation number of the lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 strain is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No. 34340. The lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 can achieve the effect of improving sleep by improving the levels of GABA and 5-HT in brain tissues and reducing the levels of glutamic acid Glu, dopamine DA and noradrenaline NE; the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals of the strain reaches 96.4%, the scavenging rate of ABTS free radicals of the strain reaches 78.3%, and the strain has an excellent anti-oxidation effect; the diameters of inhibition zones of the strain on staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas fluorescens are all larger than 17 mm, and the strain has an excellent antibacterial effect.

The present invention relates to the pharmaceutical field, and provides a boric acid β-lactamase inhibitor or a use thereof. The boric acid β-lactamase inhibitor is a compound shown in formula (I), or an optical isomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: formula (I). The ultra-broad-spectrum boric acid β-lactamase inhibitor of the present invention has an inhibition effect on A, B, C, and D enzymes, and carbapenem drug-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The invention relates to the technical field of bioengineering, in particular to a penicillin G acylase mutant, polynucleotide, an expression vector and application. The penicillin G acylase mutant is obtained by carrying out site-directed mutagenesis on a wild type penicillin G acylase gene of parent Escherichia coli, and carrying out site-directed mutagenesis on the wild type penicillin G acylase gene to obtain the penicillin G acylase mutant. Phenylalanine (F) at the 24th site of an alpha chain, proline (P) at the 383rd site of a beta chain, threonine (T) at the 384th site of the beta chain, glutamic acid (G) at the 385th site of the beta chain and serine (S) at the 386th site of the beta chain of the penicillin G acylase are introduced and mutated by a whole plasmid PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology to obtain mutants. When the penicillin G acylase mutant obtained by the invention is used for catalyzing methyl mandelate and 3-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-yl) thiomethyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid to synthesize cefamandole, the synthesis activity is improved, and meanwhile, the side reaction rate is greatly reduced.

This invention relates to a method for producing chondroitin with improved safety and extracellular secretion levels, belonging to the field of genetic engineering. Using the probiotic *Escherichia coli* Nissle 1917 as the host, this invention designs methods to increase chondroitin production by studying the chondroitin synthase KfoAC and the chondroitin-linking Kdo synthase. The relationship between chondroitin synthesis and secretion in *E. coli* was clarified, and the specificity of the chondroitin-linking Kdo was investigated, resulting in an extracellular chondroitin production of 0.32 g / L. Subsequently, the introduction of the protein KfoB from the chondroitin synthesis gene cluster increased the extracellular chondroitin production to 0.51 g / L. Further screening and optimization of the expression of transport proteins resulted in an extracellular chondroitin production of 0.73 g / L in shake flasks. Further optimization using a 7-L fermenter resulted in an extracellular chondroitin production of 5.9 g / L.

The present invention relates to the use of a combination of a saccharide and glycerol for skin protection against undesirable bacteria. The present invention is particularly useful in the formulation of compositions that act as prebiotics for commensal skin bacteria such as S. epidermidis to produce metabolites such as lactic acid, which, through the present invention, has been shown to inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus, among others. The present invention is especially useful because it provides both short-term (i.e., rapid) and long-term (or sustained) protection.

The invention provides a plant fiber containing a ginger extract and a preparation process of the plant fiber. After the plant fiber is washed for 50 times, the bacteriostasis rates of the plant fiber to staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and candida albicans are all greater than or equal to 95%, the killing rates of the plant fiber to influenza viruses H3N2 and H1N1 are all greater than or equal to 99%, the far infrared emissivity is 0.89-0.95, the highest temperature rise of moisture absorption and heating is 4-12 DEG C, and the average temperature rise is 3-8 DEG C. A vapor deposition method is adopted, a biomass component A and a biomass component B are combined to form a biomass component C, on one hand, the biomass component B serves as a tube bundle-shaped base material, rhizome plants are calcined to form a porous carbon structure framework, the porous carbon structure framework serves as a solid for vapor deposition, and a solution containing the biomass component A is small in gas molecular weight; after being vaporized along with the solution, the solution is caught by a porous structure of the biomass component B and uniformly filled into pores of the biomass component B, so that the durability of plant functions is ensured, and meanwhile, a protection effect at high temperature is achieved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microbiological detection, and particularly relates to a rapid escherichia coli test box which comprises a detection box, a sterile box, a multi-stage feeding device and a first motor, the first motor controls the working stroke of the multi-stage feeding device, and then the dosage of sterile water added into the sterile box is controlled; the farther the first motor is, the more sterile liquid is added into the sterile box, the smaller the dilution degree is, and the closer the first motor is, the less sterile liquid is added into the sterile box, and the larger the dilution degree is, so that the three sterile boxes are sequentially placed, and three diluents with different dilution degrees are obtained; the method does not need to manually separately use a sterilization suction tube to suck sterile water of different doses and add the sterile water into diluents of different diluents to obtain the diluents of different diluents, so that the detection time is greatly saved, and the detection efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to a bacteriophage, in particular to a cross-host multivalent bacteriophage and preparation and application of a bacteriostatic agent of the bacteriophage, the multivalent bacteriophage is preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection, and the preservation number is CCTCC NO: M 2026045. The salmonella bacteriophage CCTCC NO: M 2026045 is found for the first time, is a multivalent bacteriophage, can cross-host infect and split multiple important livestock and poultry intestinal pathogens such as salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, klebsiella pneumoniae and proteus mirabilis, solves the problem of narrow host range of a single bacteriophage, and improves the prevention and control efficiency. By inhibiting the overgrowth of the gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, the intestinal microecological balance can be regulated, so that the aim of effective prevention and control is fulfilled.

The invention relates to the technical field of organic chemistry, and particularly discloses an amide derivative containing a thiazole oxime structure as shown in a general formula 8 and a preparation method and application of the amide derivative. The derivative shows remarkable antibacterial activity on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluoroquinolone-resistant escherichia coli, particularly has a remarkable effect on gram-negative bacteria, has broad-spectrum antibacterial potential and can be used for preparing drugs for treating related bacterial infection, and the activity of part of compounds is superior to that of a control drug.

The invention relates to an antibacterial gel and a preparation method thereof. The gel mainly comprises silver ions, avocado oil, a radix puerariae extract, wheat germ oil, emulsifying wax, a folium artemisiae argyi extract, glycerol, a styrene / butadiene copolymer, purified water and hydroxyethyl cellulose. Extracts containing specific small-molecule polypeptides are extracted from Artemisia rubescens and Radix Puerariae through a specific extraction method, and the polypeptides are Artemisia rubescens polypeptides (SEQ ID No: 1) and Radix Puerariae polypeptides (SEQ ID No: 2) respectively. The extracts have a synergistic effect with silver ions, so that the antibacterial effect of the gel is remarkably improved, and particularly, the gel has a remarkable inhibiting effect on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and candida albicans. The bacteriostatic gel is simple in preparation method, convenient to use and suitable for bacteriostasis of female vaginal mucosa and maintenance of vaginal micro-ecological internal environment.

This invention discloses a polymyxin-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing *Escherichia coli* strain EC382-2-2 and its applications. The *E. coli* strain EC382-2-2 of this invention was deposited on October 27, 2022, at the Guangdong Provincial Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), located at 5th Floor, Building 59, No. 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, with accession number GDMCC No: 62929. *E. coli* EC382-2-2 simultaneously carries the *eae* virulence gene, the plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance gene *mcr-1*, the extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene *CTX-M-55*, and other antibiotic resistance genes. *E. coli* EC382-2-2 carries 18 resistance genes and exhibits high-level resistance to multiple antibiotics, making it a promising model strain for screening novel antimicrobial drugs.

This invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical combination technology, specifically relating to an antibacterial and hemostatic pharmaceutical composition for skin healing and its preparation method. The pharmaceutical composition is a dual-gel, consisting of an oleogel and a hydrogel in a mass ratio of 3-5:5-7. The oleogel uses medium-chain triglycerides and *Ipomoea aquatica* wax as a matrix and is loaded with astragaloside A, while the hydrogel uses chitosan and sodium alginate as a matrix and is loaded with the antimicrobial peptide GL13K. The preparation method includes preparing a CS-SA-GL13K hydrogel and a medium-chain triglyceride *Ipomoea aquatica* wax-astragaloside A oleogel, then mixing the two in a specific ratio, homogenizing and emulsifying, and rapidly cooling to obtain the dual-gel. Testing showed that the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a bactericidal rate of over 95% against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, good hemostatic effect, promotes skin wound healing, and demonstrates good stability.

The invention relates to a primer and probe combination for simultaneously detecting urinary tract klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli and drug-resistant genes through nested PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and a kit of the primer and probe combination, which are characterized in that a phoE target gene is selected for primer and probe design to ensure that cross amplification of related bacteria is not caused, so that the detection specificity requirement of actual klebsiella pneumoniae is met; the Klebsiella pneumoniae and the escherichia coli can be identified at the same time, the source of the drug-resistant gene KPC can be judged, and the method is very important for clinical precise diagnosis and treatment.

The invention discloses a fermentation and purification method of recombinant human-derived III-type collagen expressed by escherichia coli, and belongs to the technical field of genetic engineering, the method comprises the following steps: constructing engineering bacteria for expressing human-derived III-type collagen; according to the method, high-density fermentation is carried out by adopting a fed-batch strategy, thalli are firstly promoted to proliferate quickly, then the thalli are inoculated to fermentation tanks with different carbon sources for growth, IPTG induction is carried out when the thalli grow until OD600 is about 60, finally, the thalli are centrifugally collected, and when only glycerol is taken as a main carbon source, the yield of the recombinant human-derived III-type collagen can reach 0.25-0.40 g / L. By adopting the mode, the recombinant human III type collagen with high yield can be obtained, and meanwhile, the protein has higher cell adhesiveness and cell viability promotion, and does not have sensitization risk.

The present application relates to the field of microbial technology, and particularly relates to bifidobacterium BB36 with improved antigen presentation ability and enriched calcium, iron and selenium, probiotics and application thereof. Bifidobacterium bifidum The present application provides bifidobacterium BB36 with activated macrophages, up-regulated immune factor expression level, and activated dendritic cells, enhanced antigen presentation ability in immune process, and enriched calcium, iron and selenium, and can be used as a biological carrier of mineral elements, in addition, can inhibit the growth of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus, and protect intestinal health of the body.

This invention relates to an endogenous antimicrobial peptide from bovine milk and its applications. The antimicrobial polypeptide compound VAVALARPKHPIK is derived from endogenously enzymatically hydrolyzed bovine casein, with the amino acid sequence Val-Ala-Val-Ala-Leu-Ala-Arg-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Ile-Lys. It exhibits broad inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including *Porphyromonas gingivalis*, *Escherichia coli*, and *Staphylococcus aureus*. This antimicrobial peptide shows promising applications as a health supplement and / or medical device or pharmaceutical for the prevention and / or reduction of infectious diseases, as a food antimicrobial agent, in novel functional foods, pet food and animal feed additives, and in daily chemical products.

The application discloses a preparation method of E. coli extracellular vesicles and application of the E. coli extracellular vesicles in anti-breast cancer drugs. The preparation method of the E. coli extracellular vesicles comprises the following steps: knocking out a 3-dehydroquininase gene of E. coli to obtain a recombinant bacterium; lysing the recombinant bacterium and performing low-speed centrifugation to obtain a supernatant and a lysate; performing high-speed centrifugation on the lysate to obtain a precipitate, which is the E. coli extracellular vesicles. The E. coli extracellular vesicles prepared by the method can be applied to the preparation of anti-tumor drugs. The 3-dehydroquininase (aroD) gene of E. coli is singly knocked out to construct a recombinant bacterium strain, and OMVs extracted from the strain can directly inhibit the proliferation of HER2-negative Luminal A type breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, but the inhibiting effect on the proliferation of other subtypes of breast cancer is poor. The OMVs prepared by the application can provide a new path for the design and screening of anti-tumor drugs, and have a good drug-making prospect.

The invention discloses a method for improving the yield of L-threonine by enhancing Escherichia coli electronic respiration transfer and energy transfer efficiency, and belongs to the technical field of genetic engineering. According to the invention, a cytochrome bo oxidase subunit CyoA mutant derived from escherichia coli, a cytochrome bo oxidase subunit CyoB mutant derived from pseudomonas aeruginosa, a cytochrome bd oxidase cydAB gene cluster derived from escherichia coli and a polyphosphate kinase PPK mutant derived from radiation-resistant coccus are introduced, amn genes are knocked out, and a cytochrome bo oxidase gene is obtained. The electron transfer efficiency in escherichia coli and the production efficiency of energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are enhanced, and the production efficiency of L-threonine and the carbon yield are further improved. Finally, the obtained engineering strain ECTHRS-5 is subjected to fed-batch fermentation in a 5L fermentation tank to accumulate 160.8 g / L of L-threonine, and the sugar-acid conversion rate is 0.62 g / g.

The invention provides an antibacterial peptide for inhibiting food-borne pathogens as well as an acquisition method and application of the antibacterial peptide, and relates to the technical field of bioactive peptides and biomedical engineering. The amino acid sequence of the antibacterial peptide is as follows: Gly-Leu-Thr-Leu-Lys-His-Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu-Phe, and the antibacterial peptide can be used for effectively inhibiting the growth of food-borne pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria monocytogenes and the like. The defects in the prior art are overcome, the antibacterial peptide with antibacterial activity is found and identified through a screening method combining a gastrointestinal digestive enzyme-peptide omics technology and an experiment, and a new natural antibacterial agent is provided for food, medicine and other related fields.

The invention discloses a pet deodorization disinfectant as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The deodorization disinfectant is prepared from a metabolite of a specific strain lactobacillus salivarius NJAUTYRGJ-Y (the preservation number is CCTCC NO: M 20242787), a plant extract, a disinfectant and salt components. The deodorant disinfectant can be directly sprayed on pet excrement, urine and living environment, and efficient deodorization and disinfection are realized. The deodorization disinfectant has a remarkable deodorization effect on excrement, urine and ammonia gas, and the deodorization effect lasts for a long time; the antibacterial agent has a good antibacterial effect on common pathogenic bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae), and also has a good disinfection effect on excrement, urine and air. In addition, the deodorant disinfectant has good safety, has no toxic or side effect, and is suitable for safe disinfection of pet living environment.

The application discloses a lipase mutant LipM1718, the amino acid sequence of the lipase mutant LipM1718 is shown as SEQ ID NO. 2, and the lipase mutant LipM1718 comprises eleven mutation sites of E61D, Q72N, N73A, P86A, N116A, A117P, I126V, Y134F, Q194R, A260I and S277T; the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding the lipase mutant LipM1718 is shown as SEQ ID NO. 1. The application constructs a recombinant carrier pET22b- LipM1718 containing the lipase mutant LipM1718, which is expressed in a prokaryotic host cell Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Experiment proves that the obtained lipase has high efficient catalytic activity of hydrolysis of ester substrates after the gene is expressed in the prokaryotic host cell, and has great application potential in the harmless treatment and resource utilization field of kitchen waste oil.

The invention relates to the technical field of water treatment materials, and discloses a nano-catalytic antibacterial filter material for a direct water dispenser, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 8-20% of broad-spectrum nano-antibacterial component, 55-85% of base material, 4-10% of binder, 2-5% of dispersant and 2-6% of assistant, the broad-spectrum nano antibacterial component is Ag-TiO / ZnO-CuO quaternary composite nanoparticles, and the mass ratio of Ag to TiO to ZnO to CuO is 1: (2-4): (1-3): (0.5-1.5). According to the nano catalytic antibacterial filter material and the preparation method thereof, the inhibition and killing rates on gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae), gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (candida albicans and aspergillus niger) are all greater than or equal to 99.9%.