The invention discloses a preparation method of a continuous filament of an asphalt-based carbon fiber, and belongs to the field of carbon fiber production. The preparation method solves the problems that the existing spinning speed is lower, the fiber bundle damage is large, the infusibility efficiency is low, and doubling and embrittlement are easy. The preparation method comprises the specific process steps that a, spinning asphalt is extruded into fines by spinning position fusion, humidified, oiled and bundled to form a protogenic asphalt fiber bundle; b, double roller stranding and tensioning are conducted; c, the asphalt fiber bundle is wound on a spinning roller sleeve; d, an asphalt fiber reel is immersed in an oxidability liquid phase, and a liquid-phase oxidized fiber bundle reel is obtained; e, the reel is immersed in a high-temperature-resistant oil solution; the filament is unreeled and rollers are removed at a low speed; the oxidized fiber bundle continuously enters a continuous infusible furnace and a continuous low-temperature pre-carbonization furnace to form a pre-carbonization fiber bundle reel; and f, drawing heat treatment is conducted through a continuous carbon-fiber high-temperature carbonization furnace and a graphitization furnace, and then the continuous filament of the asphalt-based carbon fiber is obtained.