343 results about "Cinnamic acid" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganisms, and particularly relates to pseudomonas monteilii BDLZ-3 and application thereof in relieving continuous cropping obstacles of crops. The invention discloses a strain of pseudomonas monteilii BDLZ-3, the preservation number of which is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.34349. The pseudomonas monteilii BDLZ-3 is separated and screened from the nature for the first time, phenolic acid autotoxic substances generated in the ginseng continuous cropping obstacle process can be efficiently degraded, the degradation rate of benzoic acid can reach 95.36%, various phenolic acids such as vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, palmitic acid and gallic acid can be effectively degraded, and the degradation spectrum is wide; when the pseudomonas monteilii BDLZ-3 is applied in a field, the content of benzoic acid in soil can be effectively reduced, meanwhile, the occurrence of ginseng root diseases can be controlled to a certain extent, the prevention and treatment effect reaches 41.23%, the growth indexes such as root length and root thickness are remarkably improved, and the yield increasing effect is achieved.

The invention discloses streptomyces bulbus as well as a multifunctional fungicide and application thereof. According to the invention, firstly, a strain of Streptomyces tauricus zhanshen-LZ-12 is separated and screened from straw returning soil, and the preservation number of the strain is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.34456. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the Streptomyces tauricus zhanshen-LZ-12. The strain has the functions of degrading cellulose, decomposing protein, fixing nitrogen, resisting salt, degrading phenolic acid autotoxic substances (benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid) and the like. Bacterial powder obtained after fermentation of the bacterial strain is uniformly mixed with bacillus bacterial powder to obtain the multifunctional bacterial agent, and when straw returning or composting is carried out, the multifunctional bacterial agent is adopted, straw decomposition can be accelerated, soil ecology can be improved, crop growth can be promoted, and the stress resistance of crops can be enhanced.

The invention discloses fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli and a preparation method thereof, the fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli comprises the processing raw materials of sweet potato starch, domestic drinking water, an acidity regulator and a fresh-keeping preservative, the usage amount of the fresh-keeping preservative is 0.05-0.6% of the weight of the starch raw material, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing the raw materials of the fresh and wet vermicelli, preparing starchy sauce, preparing dough, mixing slurry, curing and forming, and the like, thereby obtaining the fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli. Aging the cured vermicelli for 1-2.5 hours in an environment of 10-1 DEG C, so as to obtain aged vermicelli; and cutting the aged vermicelli into strips, performing vacuum packaging, and performing pasteurization to obtain the product. In the preparation process of the fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli, potassium cinnamate, thymol and aloe extract are added as fresh-keeping preservatives. The method overcomes the problem that chemical preservatives such as sodium dehydroacetate cannot be added into the fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli, and prolongs the shelf life of the fresh and wet sweet potato vermicelli.

The invention belongs to the technical field of forest chemical industry and natural perfume extraction and separation, and particularly discloses a superheated steam distillation separation and recovery method for perfume components in cinnamon oil rectifying still residues. The method comprises the following steps: processing the cinnamon oil rectifying still residues by adopting a steam distillation method taking normal-pressure superheated steam as a desorption medium, carrying out condensation cooling and phase separation on distilled oil-water mixed gas, and collecting oily liquid or crystalline solid containing cinnamon spice components, and carrying out one or more physical isolation methods such as freezing crystallization, vacuum fractionation or rectification, recrystallization and the like to obtain natural cinnamon monomer spices such as o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, o-methoxycinnamic acid, phenethyl alcohol and the like. The method has the advantages of low equipment investment, simple and feasible operation, low production cost, clean and pollution-free process, good operation safety, high industrial application feasibility and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of power cables, and provides a high-toughness corrosion-resistant power cable which comprises a conductor, and an insulating layer, an armor layer and a sheath layer are sequentially arranged on the outer side of the conductor. The sheath layer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-45 parts of polyethylene, 35-45 parts of methyl vinyl silicone rubber, 35-48 parts of nitrile rubber, 6-8 parts of a plasticizer, 20-30 parts of filler, 1-2 parts of an antioxidant, 1-2 parts of a vulcanizing agent and 10-13 parts of a functional aid; the functional additive is prepared from the following raw materials: zinc oxide, cinnamic acid and cyclohexenecarboxylic acid. According to the technical scheme, the problem of poor toughness of the sheath layer of the corrosion-resistant power cable in the prior art is solved.

The invention relates to a polishing pad for polishing a silicon carbide wafer as well as a preparation method and application of the polishing pad. The polishing pad is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 to 15 parts of silicone oil, 25 to 35 parts of polyurethane prepolymer, 1 to 3 parts of anionic chain extender, 0.001 to 0.004 part of first catalyst and 2 to 5 parts of modified organic silicon microspheres. The chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and the cinnamic acid are adopted to modify the epoxy group organic silicon elastomer powder, and the modified organic silicon microspheres with high rigidity and high interface bonding force are prepared, so that the wear resistance and the storage modulus of the polishing pad are remarkably improved, and the requirement for high-precision polishing of silicon carbide wafers is met.

The invention belongs to the technical field of industrial silane preparation, and provides a natural silane rotor and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a pyridoxal phosphate solution and a 4-amino ethyl cinnamate solution are mixed and then react to obtain pyridoxal phosphate cinnamyl ester; and mixing the pyridoxal phosphate cinnamyl ester solution and the amino silane solution, and reacting to obtain the natural silane rotor. The silane rotor has a good conjugated structure, is stable in chemical structure, can be stored for a long time, is good in light stability, and is not liable to cause a photobleaching phenomenon. Besides, conjugated single and double bonds capable of freely rotating exist in the molecular structure, a typical flexible intramolecular rotation characteristic is presented, the conjugated structure can freely rotate in a dilute solution, a surface sightseeing signal is weak, the free rotation phenomenon is limited in a thick solution, the surface sightseeing signal is strong, and the surface sightseeing signal is strong. Therefore, the device can be used as a molecular tool for monitoring the change of the thin consistency of the silane, and can provide real-time, lossless and visual detection support for the development of a silane modulation process.

The invention discloses a preparation method of ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, and belongs to the technical field of compound synthesis. The method comprises the following steps: by taking diketene as a raw material, adding a polymethylsilsesquioxane polymerization inhibitor into a dichloromethane solvent, introducing chlorine at low temperature, carrying out chlorination reaction to generate 4-chloroacetoacetic acid, then esterifying the 4-chloroacetoacetic acid with absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain a crude product, and finally distilling and purifying to obtain the product. The preparation method is characterized in that a polymethylsilsesquioxane polymerization inhibitor is added before chlorination reaction, the polymerization inhibitor is prepared by grafting a functional monomer containing a 3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid structure onto surface-ethenylated polymethylsilsesquioxane microspheres, and the polymethylsilsesquioxane polymerization inhibitor has both steric hindrance and free radical capture capability. The method can effectively inhibit the self-polymerization and copolymerization tendency of diketene, intermediates and products in a reaction system, obviously reduces the generation of by-products such as dichloro and polychloro, enables the product to be high in yield and good in purity, and meets the quality requirements of high-end medical intermediates.

The present relates to compounds of formula (I) as defined herein. The compounds are suitable for protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Further, the present invention is concerned with compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and uses of said compounds as UV filters and light stabilizing agents.

The invention discloses a thin-layer chromatography identification method for cinnamon and ginger in vitality-preserving granules, and belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical analysis. Aiming at the problems of step-by-step detection, serious cinnamic acid tailing and dependence on toxic solvents in the existing method, the method comprises the following steps: dissolving vitality-preserving particles in water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, extracting filtrate by using absolute ether, merging extract liquor, evaporating to dryness, and dissolving by adding ethyl acetate to obtain a test solution; preparing a cinnamon reference medicinal material solution and a cinnamic acid and 6-gingerol reference substance solution; a silica gel GF254 thin-layer plate is adopted, petroleum ether-normal hexane-ethyl formate-formic acid is used as a developing solvent for developing, and inspection is conducted under the ultraviolet light of 254 nm and the ultraviolet light of 365 nm respectively. Cinnamon and ginger can be synchronously identified, spots are clear and free of trailing, no toxic solvent exists, durability is high, cost is low, and an accurate and reliable basis can be provided for quality control of the vitality-preserving granules.

The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutical composition contains an effective amount of active ingredients and pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary materials, and the active ingredients comprise mangiferin, glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamic acid. The invention also relates to an application of the pharmaceutical composition in preparation of a medicine for treating or improving diseases, wherein the diseases are rheumatoid arthritis; the pharmaceutical composition contains an effective amount of active ingredients, and the active ingredients comprise mangiferin, glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamic acid. The pharmaceutical composition disclosed by the invention can be used for remarkably improving the severity of rheumatoid arthritis of a rat suffering from adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis. And almost no adverse reaction or side effect exists.

The invention discloses a sugar derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid as well as a preparation method and application thereof in cosmetics. Specifically, the invention provides a sugar derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid. The compound is shown as a formula I in the specification. Compared with original hydroxycinnamic acid, the sugar derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid has better water solubility and stability, and has one or more effects of oxidation resistance, whitening, soothing, moisturizing, ultraviolet absorption and the like; when the composition is applied to cosmetics, light aging damage of skin can be relieved, and skin color can be brightened; .

The application discloses application of 2-amino isophthalic acid (2-AIA) as a MALDI matrix in characterization of oligosaccharide additives in food. The skeleton structure of 2-AIA has a strong ultraviolet absorption group and a protonation site, which is beneficial to laser energy transmission and desorption ionization process of the measured object. Meanwhile, 2-AIA has multiple polar functional groups, which can effectively enhance the directional combination of the hydroxyl group of 2-AIA and oligosaccharide, and improve the anti-interference ability of impurities in a complex system. In addition, 2-AIA and a traditional organic matrix alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) are combined as a binary matrix (CHCA / 2-AIA), which can play a synergistic role of the double matrix, significantly improve the detection sensitivity of oligosaccharide. On the other hand, the combination of CHCA and 2-AIA with different pH values can significantly improve the uniformity of the co-crystallization, and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative detection.

To provide a sebum secretion-inhibiting composition containing, as an effective ingredient, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamate thymol ester, or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.SOLUTION: The disclosed compositions can inhibit sebum secretion of skin or scalp exerting useful effects such as prevention or amelioration of seborrheic dermatitis, seborrheic scalp inflammation, prevention or amelioration of acne, or pore-shrinking.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological enzymes, and particularly relates to olefine acid reductase and application thereof in synthesis of indole-3-propionic acid. The invention relates to a clostridium sporogenes source cinnamic acid reductase, which is characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the clostridium sporogenes source cinnamic acid reductase is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The clostridium sporogenes source cinnamate reductase is obtained by screening different enzyme sources, and compared with the previously reported acrylate reductase, the clostridium sporogenes source cinnamate reductase does not need the assistance of electron transfer protein, can reduce the energy load of an engineering bacterium host and promote the generation efficiency of a target product, and has a good industrial application prospect.

The invention relates to a process for the manufacturing of biobased 3-methyl-delta-valerolactone (3MdVL) and 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol (3MPD) via one- pot hydrogenation of anhydromevalonolactone (aMVL) in the presence of a Raney- Nickel catalyst. The hydrogenation occurs without solvent at a temperature from 120ºC-180ºC, preferably at 130ºC-170ºC and a pressure between 15-30 bar, preferably at a pressure between 18 and 22 bar. The hydrogenation time may vary between 3 and 25 hours, preferably between 6 and 24 hours.

The invention discloses a corrosion-resistant polypropylene insulated cable and a preparation process thereof, and belongs to the technical field of cables. The corrosion-resistant polypropylene insulated cable sequentially comprises a cable core, a wrapping layer, an inner sheath layer, an armor layer and an outer sheath layer from inside to outside, the inner sheath layer and the outer sheath layer are both made of a corrosion-resistant polypropylene cable material; the corrosion-resistant polypropylene cable material is prepared from the following raw material components: polypropylene, POE (Polyolefin Elastomer), a plasticizer, a composite flame retardant, a heat-conducting filler, a lubricant, an ultraviolet light absorber and a nucleating agent, the composite flame retardant is prepared from the following raw materials: cyanuric chloride, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-oxo-1-phospha-2, 6, 7-trioxabicyclo [2.2. 2] octane, hydroxyl N-alkoxy hindered amine, ethidene diamine and N-(2-aminoethyl) maleimide; the heat-conducting filler is prepared from the following raw materials: graphene oxide, a silane coupling agent, boron nitride and 3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; the corrosion-resistant polypropylene insulated cable prepared by the invention is relatively good in corrosion resistance, heat dissipation performance, flame retardance, thermo-oxidative aging resistance and mechanical property.

To provide a rubber composition to be a raw material of a vulcanized rubber excellent in steering stability and wet grip performance when used as a rubber part of a pneumatic tire, especially a pneumatic tire for motor sports.SOLUTION: A rubber composition comprising 100 parts by mass of a rubber ingredient containing at least a diene rubber, 0.1 to 10 parts by mass of a cinnamic acid compound having a hydroxyl or methoxy group-substituted aromatic ring, and 40 to 140 parts by mass of carbon black having a nitrogen-adsorption specific surface area of 140 to 250m2 / g. The cinnamic acid compound is a naturally occurring compound and is preferably at least one of 3, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid and 3, 4-dimethoxycinnamic acid.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of composite packing materials, and particularly discloses a carbon-based stone-plastic composite packing material based on industrial solid waste as well as a preparation method and application of the carbon-based stone-plastic composite packing material. Comprising the following steps: S1, preparing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 90-96 parts of polyvinyl chloride, 5-10 parts of functionalized core-shell particles, 8-10 parts of sulfhydrylated bamboo fibers, 0.8-1.2 parts of a lubricant, 1.5-3.5 parts of a heat stabilizer, 0.2-0.4 part of a photoinitiator and 10-12 parts of an organic solvent; s2, preparing a mixed material; functionalized core-shell particles and sulfhydrylated bamboo fibers are added, outer layers of the functionalized core-shell particles are prepared by modifying titanium dioxide structures through KH-560 and then chemically bonding the modified titanium dioxide structures with alpha-methylcinnamic acid, cores are pretreated coal gangue, and the pretreated coal gangue not only has high specific surface area and active hydroxyl, but also can be chemically bonded with the sulfhydrylated bamboo fibers, so that the specific surface area of the core-shell particles is increased, and the specific surface area of the core-shell particles is increased. Heavy metal ions in the composite packing material can be effectively adsorbed, and the mechanical property is improved.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of pathogen control, and particularly relates to a cinnamic acid oxime ester compound, a preparation method and an application thereof. The cinnamic acid oxime ester compound has a structural formula as shown in Formula I: The preparation method of the compound of the present invention is simple in operation and easy to obtain raw materials. The compound has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, and particularly has obvious inhibitory effects on Botrytis cinerea of tomato, Valsa mali of apple tree and Gaeumannomyces graminis of wheat, and can be used as a bactericide for the prevention and control of the above plant diseases.

The invention relates to an aroma-carrying multifunctional paper-based material and application thereof, and the aroma-carrying multifunctional paper-based material is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: reacting a carboxylic acid aroma substance with a chlorination reagent to prepare an acyl chloride derivative; the carboxylic acid flavor substance is p-methoxycinnamic acid or a combination of cinnamic acid and p-methoxycinnamic acid; mixing the obtained acyl chloride derivative with plant pulp and a catalyst, and carrying out esterification reaction to obtain carboxylic acid flavor substance grafted plant pulp; and making paper by taking the obtained carboxylic acid aroma substance grafted plant pulp as a raw material to obtain the aroma-carrying paper-based material. Specific carboxylic acid flavor substances are firmly connected to a plant fiber skeleton in a covalent bonding manner, so that long-acting slow release of fragrance can be realized, and the problems of easiness in volatilization, short fragrance retention time and the like in a traditional physical adding manner are effectively solved; meanwhile, the physical characteristics and combustion characteristics of the paper-based material prepared from the chemically modified cellulose are also optimized and improved, so that an idea is provided for developing a novel functional paper-based material.

[Problem] To provide a matsutake primordium having a high methyl cinnamate content and a method capable of obtaining such a matsutake primordium having a high methyl cinnamate content at an artificially high yield. [Solution] Cells having the ability to form a primordium that have been isolated from matsutake fruiting bodies are cultured in a medium containing a protein degradation product and having a specific phenylalanine concentration.

The present invention discloses an ion regulator, a preparation method and an application thereof. The ion regulator is formed by hydrogen bonding carboxylic acid and protein; the carboxylic acid is one or more of acrylic acid, crotonic acid and cinnamic acid; the protein is one or more of whey protein, soy protein and collagen. The ion regulator of the present invention can bind to cations in water to prevent scaling and avoid oil pipe corrosion; the ion regulator of the present invention belongs to the carboxylic acid compound and can effectively regulate the formation of agglomerated particles, while the low-charge organic matter in the hydrogen-bonded protein macromolecules can chelate with divalent cations, thereby stabilizing the ions in the fluid, controlling its agglomeration process, and thus preventing scaling. At the same time, the ions are combined to form nanoparticles, so that the size of the agglomerated particles can be controlled, and the agglomerated particles can be used for plugging, turning high-valent ions into "waste".

Provided are: a compound (C) that can be used in a composition for a photoalignment film; a composition for a photoalignment film; a photoalignment film; a layered product; and a phase difference film. The compound (C) is: a compound (C1) obtained by reacting a polyfunctional epoxy compound having a molecular weight 2000 or less with a cinnamic acid skeleton-containing compound (B); and a compound (C2) represented by formula (3a-1), formula (3a-2), formula (3b-1), formula (3b-2), formula (3c-1), or formula (3c-2). The compound (C) exhibits high solubility in low-invasive solvents and exhibits good characteristics when used in a photoalignment film.

This invention discloses a multi-effect sunscreen agent and its preparation method, relating to the field of cosmetic technology. This invention adds vetiver root extract, winged fruit oil, and rice bran oil extract to existing conventional chemical sunscreen ingredients, which not only reduces the amount of isoamyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl triazine ketone, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol, and bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine used in existing chemical sunscreens, but also synergistically increases the sun protection effect. The active ingredients of this multi-effect sunscreen agent are plant-derived substances, making the ingredients safe and mild. Furthermore, the preparation method is simple, the ingredients are readily available, and it has broad market application prospects.

The present invention provides a composite catalyst and a preparation method thereof and a synthesis method of p-methoxycinnamate compounds, wherein the composite catalyst includes a carrier modified by a modifier and a metal salt and a choline substance supported by the carrier. In the presence of the composite catalyst of the present invention, a Claison-Schmidt condensation reaction is catalyzed between aromatic aldehyde compounds and acetate compounds to obtain p-methoxycinnamate. The composite catalyst provided by the present invention has high reactivity and selectivity, a stable catalyst structure, and active ingredients are not easily lost, and the recycling of the catalyst can be achieved without frequent replacement of the catalyst. The operation is simple, and the operation is conducive to continuous industrial production, significantly improving equipment utilization. The use of the composite catalyst provided by the present invention can make the preparation of p-methoxycinnamate compounds react under relatively mild reaction conditions, without corrosion to the equipment, and without wastewater or waste salt generation, which is green and environmentally friendly.

The invention discloses a purine nucleoside compound containing a cinnamic acid structure as well as a preparation method and application of the purine nucleoside compound, and a series of purine nucleoside compounds containing the cinnamic acid structure are synthesized by taking a purine nucleoside compound as a basis and introducing a piperazine-containing cinnamic acid fragment into a system. The compound has a good inhibition effect on plant pathogenic microorganisms, and especially has a good inhibition effect on plant pathogenic viruses such as tobacco mosaic viruses. Wherein the activity data of a part of the compounds is superior to that of a commercial drug ribavirin, the activity of the compounds is equivalent to that of ningnanmycin, particularly, the compound 14 has excellent treatment activity, and the EC50 of the compound 14 is 274.25 mu g / mL. The compound has good antibacterial activity on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, when the concentration is 50 [mu] g / mL, the inhibitory activities of the compound 7, the compound 20 and the compound 21 on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae are 36.2%, 40.3% and 35.6% respectively and are superior to 32.6% of a control agent thiediazole copper, when the concentration is 50 [mu] g / mL or below, the inhibitory effects of the compound 1, the compound 3, the compound 23 and the compound 24 on Xanthomonas citri are 21.3%, 20.4%, 27.8% and 22.6% respectively, and the compound 7, the compound 20 and the compound 21 on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae are superior to that of the control agent thiediazole copper. And the results are better than that of a control agent thiediazole copper by 18.6%.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicines, in particular to a construction method of a Zhenlong refreshing capsule characteristic spectrum. The method disclosed by the invention can be used for simultaneously detecting chebulinic acid, gallic acid, dehydrodiisoeugenol, dehydrocostus lactone, cinnamyl aldehyde and cinnamic acid in the Zhenlong refreshing capsule, so that the initial content of cinnamyl aldehyde can be increased, and cinnamyl aldehyde stably exists in a stable placement period; in addition, an HPLC characteristic chromatogram is established for the Zhenlong refreshing capsule, 11 characteristic peaks are defined, and the chemical characteristics of the Zhenlong refreshing capsule are fully displayed. According to the method, large types of chemical components in the Zhenlong refreshing capsule can be reflected. And the overall quality of the Zhenlong refreshing capsule can be controlled more efficiently and quickly.

The purpose of the present invention is to: use a relatively simple preparation method to provide a hollow particle of which the decomposition product is a component contained in a plant or a derivative thereof; and provide a method for producing said hollow particle. This purpose can be achieved by means of, inter alia, a hollow particle containing a plurality of (poly)glycerol ester compounds which are reaction products of a cinnamic acid and / or cinnamic acid derivative represented by general formula (1) (wherein each among R1-R5 independently represents any of a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a nitro group, an amino group, an alkylamino group, or a hydroxyl group, and X represents any of a hydroxyl group, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and a (poly)glycerol having an average degree of polymerization of 1-40, wherein at least some of the cinnamoyl groups that are included in (poly)glycerol ester compounds and derived from the cinnamic acid or from the cinnamic acid derivative are photodimerized.

The present invention provides a biomass-derived polyester compound useful as a rubber material or an adhesive material, the compound including a multiple bond in the molecule. By synthesizing an ester compound composed of a hydroxycinnamic acid and a fatty acid, and carrying out polycondensation reaction using the ester compound as a monomer, a polyester compound containing cinnamic acid and a ricinoleic acid derivative that are alternately linked to each other can be efficiently obtained. For example, an ester compound of General Formula (1) is produced. (In the formula, the substituents R1 and R2 each represent a hydrogen atom or a methoxy group; the substituent R3 represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group; and n represents an integer of 10 to 100).