High-strength iron-ore slag-containing powder thermal insulation mortar is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 300 to 340 parts of cement, 50 to 55 parts of cement road slag powder, 20 to 24 parts of iron-ore slag powder, 8 to 10 parts of flaky graphite, 14 to 18 parts of sodium bentonite powder, 5 to 8 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 20 to 25 parts of meerschaum powder, 50 to 56 parts of kaolinite powder, 10 to 15 parts of gypsum powder, 4 to 6 parts of hydroxypropyl sesbania gum powder, 5 to 8 parts of xanthan gum, 1 to 2 parts of acrylamide, 3 to 4 parts of borax, 4 to 6 parts of modified nano-carbon powder, and 600 to 650 parts of water. The thermal insulation mortar adopting iron-ore slag powder is high in unit weight, low in heat conductivity, anti-crack, ageing resistant, high in cohesive force, good in workability and construction property, convenient to use, waterproof, impervious, high in compressive strength, convenient to store and transport, and pollution-free.